1, Waiwai Hydroxyl: 1 gram polymer polyol i loko o ka nui hydroxyl (-OH) like me ka helu o nā milligrams o KOH, ka wae mgKOH/g.
2, Kaulike: ka awelika molekala kaumaha o kahi hui hana.
3, Isocyanate maʻiʻo: ka maʻiʻo o ka isocyanate i loko o ka mole
4, Isocyanate index: hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka isocyanate keu i loko o ka polyurethane formula, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia e ka leka R.
5. Mea hoʻonui kaulahao: E pili ana ia i nā ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa molekala kaumaha a me nā amine e hiki ke hoʻonui, hoʻonui a hana paha i nā loulou spatial network crosslinks o nā kaulahao molekala.
6. Māhele paʻakikī: ʻO ka ʻāpana kaulahao i hana ʻia e ka hopena o ka isocyanate, ka mea hoʻonui kaulahao a me ka crosslinker ma ke kaulahao nui o nā molekele polyurethane, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau pūʻulu i ka ikehu cohesion, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui a me ka rigidity.
7, Māhele palupalu: kalapona kalapona nui kaula polymer polyol, maʻalahi ka maʻalahi, i loko o ka polyurethane kaulahao nui no ka ʻāpana kaulahao maʻalahi.
8, Hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu kaʻina hana: pili i ka oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, kaulahao extender a me ka catalyst hui i ka manawa like ma hope o ka hoʻokomo pololei ʻana i loko o ka mold, ma kekahi ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe wela.
9, Prepolymer ala: Mua oligomer polyol a me diisocyanate prepolymerization pane, e hana hope NCO ma muli polyurethane prepolymer, ninini a laila prepolymer pane me ke kaulahao extender, hoomakaukau i ka polyurethane elastomer ala, i kapaia prepolymer ala.
10, Semi-prepolymer ala: ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano semi-prepolymer a me ke ʻano prepolymer ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o ka polyester polyol a i ʻole polyether polyol i hoʻohui ʻia i ka prepolymer ma ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana me ke kaulahao extender, catalyst, etc.
11, Reaction injection molding: Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Reaction Injection Moulding RIM (Reaction Injection Moulding), ua ana ʻia e nā oligomers me ke kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa i loko o ke ʻano wai, hui pū koke ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka mold i ka manawa like, a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki i ka ʻo ka mold cavity, piʻi wikiwiki ke kaumaha molekala o ka mea. He kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i nā polymers hou loa me nā ʻano hui pūʻulu hou i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa.
12, Hua'ōlelo huaʻōlelo: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka helu o nā ʻāpana wai i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana 100 o ka polyether ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo huaʻōlelo (IF).
13, Hoʻohuhū: e pili ana i ka hopena o ka wai a me ka isocyanate e hana i ka urea i pani ʻia a hoʻokuʻu iā CO2.
14, ʻO ka hopena Gel: e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hopena carbamate.
15, ʻO ka manawa gel: ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, ʻo ka mea wai e hana i ka gel e pono ai ka manawa.
16, Wā waiu: i ka pau ʻana o ka ʻāpana I, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano waiu i loko o ka hui wai polyurethane. Kapa ʻia kēia manawa i ka manawa cream i ka hana ʻana o ka polyurethane foam.
17, Huina hoʻonui kaulahao: e pili ana i ka lakio o ka nui o nā pūʻulu amino a me hydroxyl (unit: mo1) i loko o nā mea hoʻonui kaulahao (me ka mea hoʻonui kaulahao hui ʻia) i ka nui o NCO i loko o ka prepolymer, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka helu mole. (helu like) lākiō o ka hui hydrogen hana i ka NCO.
18, Haʻahaʻa unsaturation polyether: nui no ka PTMG hoʻomohala, PPG kumukūʻai, unsaturation i hoʻemi ʻia i 0.05mol / kg, kokoke i ka hana o PTMG, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DMC catalyst, ke ʻano nui o nā huahana moʻo Bayer Acclaim.
19, Ammonia ester grade solvent: ka hana ʻana o ka polyurethane solvent e noʻonoʻo i ka ikaika dissolution, volatilization rate, akā ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka polyurethane i hoʻohana ʻia i ka solvent, pono e nānā i ka lawe ʻana i ka NC0 kaumaha i ka polyurethane. ʻAʻole hiki ke koho ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e like me nā ʻawaʻawa a me nā waiʻona ether e hui pū me nā hui NCO. ʻAʻole hiki i ka solvent ke komo i nā mea haumia e like me ka wai a me ka waiʻona, a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea alkali, kahi e hōʻino ai ka polyurethane.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka wai ester i loko o ka wai, a ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa i nā ʻakika manuahi a me nā ʻawaʻawa, e hana pū me nā hui NCO. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ester i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka polyurethane pono ʻo ia ʻo "ammonia ester grade solvent" me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, hoʻololi ka mea hoʻoheheʻe me ka isocyanate nui, a laila hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka isocyanate unreacted me ka dibutylamine e hoʻāʻo ai inā kūpono ia no ka hoʻohana. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka isocyanate ʻaʻole pili, no ka mea, e hōʻike ana i ka wai i loko o ka ester, ka waiʻona, ka waiʻona ʻekolu e hoʻopau i ka waiwai holoʻokoʻa o isocyanate, inā hōʻike ʻia ka helu o nā grams o ka solvent e pono ai e ʻai i ka hui leqNCO, ka ʻO ka waiwai ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi.
ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka Isocyanate e like me ka 2500 e like me ka solvent polyurethane.
ʻO ka polarity o ka solvent he mana nui i ka hopena o ka hana resin. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka polarity, ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka hopena, e like me ka toluene a me ka methyl ethyl ketone ʻokoʻa o 24 mau manawa, ua nui kēia solvent mole polarity, hiki ke hana i kahi paʻa hydrogen me ka hui hydroxyl alcohol a hoʻolōʻihi i ka hopena.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka polychlorinated ester solvent e koho i ka solvent aromatic, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o kā lākou hopena ma mua o ka ester, ketone, e like me xylene. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ester a me ketone solvents ke hoʻonui i ke ola lawelawe o ka polyurethane lālā ʻelua i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana. I ka hana ʻana i nā uhi, ʻo ke koho ʻana o ka "solvent ammonia-grade" i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua he mea pono i nā stabilizers mālama ʻia.
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Ester he ikaika ka solubility, haʻahaʻa volatilization rate, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hoʻohana hou ʻia, hoʻohana hou ʻia ʻo cyclohexanone, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon, liʻiliʻi ka hoʻohana wale ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana me nā solvents ʻē aʻe.
20, ʻO ka mea puhi kino: ʻo ka mea puhi kino ke hana ʻia nā pores ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano kino o kahi mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka volatilization o ka wai a i ʻole ka hemo ʻana o ka paʻa.
21, ʻO nā mea puhi kemika: ʻo nā mea puhi kemika nā mea hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea e like me carbon dioxide a me ka nitrogen ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela, a hana i nā pores maikaʻi i ka haku mele polymer o ka hui.
22, Hoʻopili kino: aia kekahi mau kaulahao paʻa i loko o ke kaulahao palupalu polymer, a ʻo ke kaulahao paʻa he mau waiwai kino like me ka ʻōpala vulcanized ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kinikini ma ka mahana ma lalo o ka wahi palupalu a i ʻole ka helu heheʻe.
23, Hoʻopili kemika: e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kaulahao molekala nui ma o nā paʻa kemika ma lalo o ka hana o ka māmā, ka wela, ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika mechanical, ka ultrasound a me nā mea hoʻohui crosslinking e hana i kahi pūnaewele a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā ʻano polymer.
24, Huahelu huahelu: ʻo ka helu o nā ʻāpana o ka wai e like me 100 mau ʻāpana o ka polyether i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo huaʻōlelo (IF).
25. He aha nā ʻano isocyanates i hoʻohana mau ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. He aha nā ʻano isocyanates i hoʻohana mau ʻia? Kākau i ke kumu hoʻolālā
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI liquefied, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Ke ano o TDI-100 a me TDI-80?
A: TDI-100 ka toluene diisocyanate me 2,4 hale; ʻO TDI-80 e pili ana i kahi hui pū ʻia me 80% toluene diisocyanate o 2,4 hale a me 20% o 2,6 hale.
28. He aha nā hiʻohiʻona o TDI a me MDI i ka synthesis o nā mea polyurethane?
A: Reactivity no 2,4-TDI a me 2,6-TDI. ʻO ka reactivity o 2,4-TDI he mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka 2,6-TDI, no ka mea, ua mamao loa ka 4-kūlana NCO ma 2,4-TDI mai ka 2-kūlana NCO a me ka hui methyl, a kokoke ʻaʻohe kūpaʻa steric, ʻoiai ka NCO o 2,6-TDI e pili ana i ka hopena steric o ka hui ortho-methyl.
ʻO nā pūʻulu NCO ʻelua o MDI kahi mamao loa a ʻaʻohe mea pani a puni, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana o nā NCO ʻelua. ʻOiai inā komo kekahi NCO i ka pane ʻana, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hana o ke koena NCO, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ma ka laulā. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka reactivity o MDI polyurethane prepolymer ma mua o ka TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI ʻo wai o ka pale melemele ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi?
A: HDI (no ka diisocyanate aliphatic melemele invariant), IPDI (hana ʻia me ka resin polyurethane me ka paʻa ʻana o ka optical a me ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe, hoʻohana mau ʻia e hana i ka resin polyurethane non-discoloration kiʻekiʻe).
30. Ke kumu o ka hoʻololi MDI a me nā ʻano hoʻololi maʻamau
A: Liquefied MDI: Hoʻololi ʻia ke kumu: liquefied pure MDI he liquefied modified MDI, e lanakila ana i kekahi mau hemahema o ka MDI maʻemaʻe (paʻa i ka lumi wela, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻia, nui ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka hana), a hāʻawi pū i ke kumu no kahi ākea ākea. o nā hoʻololi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā mea polyurethane-based MDI.
Nā hana:
① MDI liquefied i hoʻololi ʻia e ka urethane.
② carbodiimide a me ka uretonimine i hoʻololi ʻia i MDI wai.
31. He aha nā ʻano polymer polyols i hoʻohana mau ʻia?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. ʻEhia mau ʻano hana ʻenehana no nā polyols polyester?
A: ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kinoea B, ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kinoea halihali C, ke ʻano distillation azeotropic
33. He aha nā hale kūikawā ma ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka polyester a me ka polyether polyols?
A: Polyester polyol: He hui waiʻona macromolecular i loaʻa kahi hui ester ma ka iwi kuamoʻo a me kahi hui hydroxyl (-OH) ma ka pūʻulu hope. Nā polyether polyols: Nā polimer a i ʻole nā oligomers i loaʻa nā kaula eter (-O-) a me nā kaula hope (-Oh) a i ʻole nā hui amine (-NH2) i loko o ke ʻano iwi kuamoʻo o ka mole.
34. He aha ke ano o ka polyether polyols e like me ko lakou ano?
A: ʻO nā polyol polyether ikaika loa, nā polyether polyols i kālai ʻia, nā polyether polyols pale ahi, nā polyether polyols heterocyclic i hoʻololi ʻia, nā polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Ehia na ano o na polyeter ma'amau e like me ka mea hoomaka?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, paʻakikī polyether polyol, haʻahaʻa unsaturation polyether polyol.
36. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā polyeter i hoʻopau ʻia hydroxy a me nā polyeter i hoʻopau ʻia i ka amine?
ʻO nā polyeter aminoterminated he polyoxide allyl ethers kahi i pani ʻia ai ka hopena hydroxyl e kahi hui amine.
37. He aha ke ano o ka polyurethane catalysts i hoohana mau ia? ʻO wai nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻohana mau ʻia?
A: ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe amine kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
ʻO nā pūhui alkyl metallic, nā ʻano maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he: organotin catalysts, hiki ke māhele ʻia i stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. He aha nā mea hoʻonui kaulahao polyurethane i hoʻohana mau ʻia?
A: Nā Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), nā waiʻona alicyclic, nā waiʻona ʻala, nā diamine, nā amine waiʻona (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. ʻO ke ʻano hana o ka isocyanates
A: ʻO ka pane ʻana o nā isocyanates me nā pūhui hydrogen ʻeleu ke kumu ia e ka nucleophilic center o ka molekele hoʻohui hydrogen ikaika e hoʻouka ana i ka NCO ma muli o ka ʻātoma kalapona. Penei ke ano o ka pane ana.
40. Pehea ka hana o ka isocyanate e pili ana i ka hana o nā hui NCO?
A: ʻO ka electronegativity o ka pūʻulu AR: inā he pūʻulu electron absorbing ka pūʻulu R, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke ao uila o ka C atom i ka pūʻulu -NCO, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā nucleophiles, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena nucleophilic me nā ʻona, nā amine a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe. Inā he pūʻulu hāʻawi electron ʻo R a ua hoʻololi ʻia ma o ke ao electron, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ke ao electron o ka C atom i ka hui -NCO, e hoʻemi iki i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā nucleophiles, a ʻo kona hiki ke pane me nā pūhui hydrogen ikaika. emi iho. B. Induction hopena: No ka mea, aia i loko o ka diisocyanate aromatic nā pūʻulu NCO ʻelua, ke komo ka mua -NCO gene i ka hopena, ma muli o ka hopena conjugated o ke apo aromatic, ʻo ka hui -NCO ʻaʻole i komo i ka hopena e pāʻani i ke kuleana. o ka electron absorbing pūʻulu, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hana pane o ka hui NCO mua, ʻo ia ka hopena induction. C. steric hopena: I loko o ka aromatic diisocyanate molekala, ina elua -NCO pūʻulu i loko o ka aromatic apo i ka manawa like, a laila, i ka mana o kekahi NCO pūʻulu ma ka reactivity o ka 'ē aʻe NCO pūʻulu mea pinepine nui. Eia nō naʻe, ke loaʻa nā pūʻulu NCO ʻelua i loko o nā apo ʻala like ʻole i ka mole hoʻokahi, a i ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e nā kaulahao hydrocarbon a i ʻole nā apo ʻala, liʻiliʻi ka pilina ma waena o lākou, a emi iho me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao hydrocarbon a i ʻole ka hoʻonui i ka nui o nā apo ʻala.
41. Nā ʻano o nā pūhui hydrogen ʻeleu a me NCO reactivity
A: Aliphatic NH2> Pūʻulu Aromatic Bozui OH> Wai> OH Secondary> Phenol OH> Pūʻulu Carboxyl > Urea pani ʻia > Amido> Carbamate. (Inā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mānoanoa electron o ke kikowaena nucleophilic, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka electronegativity, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ʻana me ka isocyanate a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pane; a i ʻole, haʻahaʻa ka hana.)
42. Ka hopena o nā pūhui hydroxyl i kā lākou hana ʻana me nā isocyanates
A: ʻO ka reactivity o nā pūhui hydrogen hana (ROH a i ʻole RNH2) pili i nā waiwai o R, i ka wā R he pūʻulu electron-withdrawing (haʻahaʻa electronegativity), paʻakikī ke hoʻololi i nā ʻātoma hydrogen, a me ka hopena ma waena o nā pūhui hydrogen hana a ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka NCO; Inā he mea hāʻawi electron ʻo R, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka reactivity o nā pūhui hydrogen ikaika me NCO.
43. He aha ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hopena isocyanate me ka wai
A: ʻO ia kekahi o nā hopena kumu i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka polyurethane foam. ʻO ka hopena ma waena o lākou e hoʻopuka mua i kahi waikawa carbamic paʻa ʻole, a laila e wāwahi ʻia i CO2 a me nā amine, a inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka isocyanate, e hana ka amine me ka isocyanate e hana i kahi urea.
44. I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā elastomers polyurethane, pono e mālama pono ʻia ka wai o nā polymer polyols.
A: ʻAʻohe mea e koi ʻia i loko o nā elastomers, nā uhi a me nā fibers, no laila pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia ka ʻike wai i loko o nā mea maka, ma lalo o 0.05%.
45. Nā ʻokoʻa o nā hopena catalytic o nā amine a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe tin ma nā hopena isocyanate
A: Loaʻa i nā catalysts amine kiʻekiʻe ka hopena catalytic no ka pane ʻana o ka isocyanate me ka wai, ʻoiai ʻo ka tin catalysts he kiʻekiʻe catalytic pono no ka hopena o ka isocyanate me ka hui hydroxyl.
46. No ke aha e ʻike ʻia ai ka resin polyurethane ma ke ʻano he polimer poloka, a he aha nā ʻano o ke kaulahao?
Pane: No ka mea ua haku ʻia ka ʻāpana kaulahao o ka resin polyurethane me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī a palupalu, ʻo ka ʻāpana paʻakikī e pili ana i ka ʻāpana kaulahao i hana ʻia e ka hopena o ka isocyanate, ka mea hoʻonui kaulahao a me ka crosslinker ma ke kaulahao nui o nā molekele polyurethane, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau hui. ikehu, ka nui o ka lewa a me ka oi aku o ka rigidity. ʻO ka ʻāpana palupalu e pili ana i ka carbon-carbon chain polymer polyol, nona ka maʻalahi a he ʻāpana maʻalahi i ke kaulahao nui polyurethane.
47. He aha nā mea e pili ana i nā waiwai o nā mea polyurethane?
A: Pūʻulu cohesion ikehu, hydrogen paʻa, crystallinity, crosslinking degere, molecular kaumaha, ʻāpana paʻakikī, ʻāpana palupalu.
48. He aha nā mea maka o nā ʻāpana palupalu a paʻakikī ma ke kaulahao nui o nā mea polyurethane
A: Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻāpana palupalu i nā polyols oligomer (polyester, polyether diols, etc.), a ʻo ka ʻāpana paʻakikī i haku ʻia me nā polyisocyanates a i ʻole kā lākou hui pū ʻana me nā mea hoʻonui kaulahao liʻiliʻi.
49. Pehea ka hopena o nā ʻāpana palupalu a me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī i nā waiwai o nā mea polyurethane?
A: Māhele palupalu: (1) ʻO ke kaumaha o ka molekala o ka ʻāpana palupalu: me ka manaʻo e like ke kaumaha o ka molekala o ka polyurethane, inā he polyester ka ʻāpana palupalu, e piʻi ka ikaika o ka polyurethane me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha mole o ka polyester diol; Inā he polyether ka ʻāpana palupalu, e emi ana ka ikaika o ka polyurethane me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kaumaha mole o ka polyether diol, akā hoʻonui ka elongation. (2) ʻO ka crystallinity o ka māhele palupalu: He ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka crystallinity o ka laina polyurethane chain segment. Ma keʻano laulā, maikaʻi ka crystallization no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā huahana polyurethane, akā i kekahi manawa hoʻemi ka crystallization i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka mea, a ʻo ka polymer crystalline he opaque pinepine.
Māhele paʻakikī: ʻO ka māhele kaulahao paʻakikī e pili pinepine i ka mahana palupalu a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me nā waiwai wela kiʻekiʻe o ka polymer. ʻO nā polyurethanes i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e nā isocyanates aromatic i loko o nā apo ʻala ʻono, no laila e piʻi ka ikaika o ka polymer i ka ʻāpana paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika o ka waiwai ma mua o ka polyurethanes isocyanate aliphatic, akā ʻilihune ka pale ʻana i ka degradation ultraviolet, a maʻalahi ka melemele. ʻAʻole melemele nā polyurethanes aliphatic.
50. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka polyurethane foam
A: (1) ka huʻa paʻa a me ka ʻūhā palupalu, (2) kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, (3) polyester type, polyether type foam, (4) TDI type, MDI type foam, (5) polyurethane foam a polyisocyanurate foam, (6) hana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu a me ka hana prepolymerization hana, hana mau a me ka hana intermittent, (8) block foam a molded foam.
51. Nā hopena kumu i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka huʻa
A: E pili ana ia i ka pane ʻana o -NCO me -OH, -NH2 a me H2O, a i ka hana ʻana me nā polyols, ʻo ka "gel reaction" i loko o ke kaʻina huʻihaʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka carbamate. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka foam raw material multi-functional raw material, loaʻa kahi pūnaewele cross-linked, e hiki ai i ka ʻōnaehana foaming ke gel wikiwiki.
Loaʻa ka hopena huʻa i ka ʻōnaehana huʻa me ka wai. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "foaming reaction" e pili ana i ka hopena o ka wai a me ka isocyanate e hana i ka urea i hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻokuʻu iā CO2.
52. ʻO ka hana nucleation o nā ʻōhū
Hoʻopili ka mea maka i loko o kahi wai a i ʻole ma muli o ka wela i hana ʻia e ka hopena e hana i kahi mea kinoea a hoʻololi i ke kinoea. Me ka holomua o ka hopena a me ka hana ʻana o ka nui o ka wela wela, ua hoʻonui mau ʻia ka nui o nā mea kinoea a me ka volatilization. Ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻike kinoea ma mua o ka manaʻo saturation, hoʻomaka ka ʻōpū paʻa e hana i ka pae hoʻonā a piʻi aʻe.
53. ʻO ke kuleana o ka foam stabilizer i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka polyurethane foam
A: Loaʻa iā ia ka hopena emulsification, no laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka solubility i waena o nā ʻāpana o ka mea ʻala; Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka silicone surfactant, no ka mea e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ʻili o ka γ o ka wai, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka ikehu manuahi e pono ai no ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kinoea, i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nucleate o ka ea i loko o ka mea maka i ka wā o ka hui ʻana. hāʻawi i ka hana ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka ʻūhā.
54. Mekani paa o ka hu'a
A: ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā surfactants kūpono e kūpono i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hoʻopuehu maikaʻi.
55. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻano hana o ka huʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka huʻa paʻa
A: ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻūhā hāmama: I ka hapanui o nā hihia, inā nui ka paʻi i loko o ka pahu, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika o ka pā ʻūlū i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hopena gel, a ʻaʻole hiki i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ke kūpaʻa i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia. ma ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi kinoea, huki ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka paia, a pakele ke kinoea mai ka haki ʻana, a hana i ka huʻa hāmama.
Paʻa-cell foam hana ʻano hana: No ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī paʻakikī, ma muli o ka hopena o nā polyether polyols me ka multi-functional a me ka haʻahaʻa molecular kaumaha me ka polyisocyanate, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka gel, a ʻaʻole hiki i ke kinoea i loko o ka ʻōpū ke wāwahi i ka pā o ka ʻōpū. , pela ka hana ana i ka hu'ahua pa'a.
56. ʻO ka hana hoʻohāhā o ka mea hoʻohua kino a me ka mea hoʻohāhā kemika
A: ʻO ka mea puhi kino: ʻO ka mea puhi kino ka mea i hana ʻia nā pores ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano kino o kekahi mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka volatilization o ka wai a i ʻole ka hemo ʻana o ka paʻa.
Nā mea puhi kemika: ʻO nā mea puhi kemika he pūhui ia, ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka wela, e hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea e like me carbon dioxide a me ka nitrogen a hana i nā pores maikaʻi i loko o ka haku mele polymer.
57. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka huʻa polyurethane palupalu
A: Hoʻokahi kaʻina hana a me ke ʻano prepolymer
ʻO ke ʻano prepolymer: ʻo ia hoʻi, hana ʻia ka polyether polyol a me ka hopena TDI keu i kahi prepolymer i loaʻa ka pūʻulu NCO manuahi, a laila hui pū ʻia me ka wai, catalyst, stabilizer, etc., e hana i ka huʻa. Hoʻokahi kaʻina hana: Hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā ʻano mea maka i loko o ke poʻo hui ʻana ma o ka helu ʻana, a ua hana ʻia kahi ʻanuʻu me ka ʻūhā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka hoʻomau a me ka intermittent.
58. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka huʻa a me ka huʻa kū pololei
ʻO ke ala paʻi paʻi kaulike: ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa luna a me ka pā uhi luna. ʻO ke ʻano o ka overflow groove: hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka overflow groove a me ka conveyor belt pae pae.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohāhā kū pololei: hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi kahe liʻiliʻi e kiʻi i kahi ʻāpana cross-sectional nui o nā poloka pahu, a hoʻohana maʻamau i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e kiʻi i ka ʻāpana like o ka poloka, ʻo ka pae kahe he 3 a 5 mau manawa nui ma mua o ke kūpaʻa. huāhuā; Ma muli o ka ʻāpana keʻa nui o ka poloka hupa, ʻaʻohe ʻili o luna a lalo, a lahilahi hoʻi ka ʻili o ka ʻaoʻao, no laila ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana. Hoʻopili nā mea hana i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu ma kahi o 12 ~ 13m, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o ka mea kanu a me nā mea hana ma mua o ke kaʻina hana hoʻohāhā; He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻololi i ka hopper a me ke kumu hoʻohālike e hana ai i nā kino huʻa cylindrical a i ʻole rectangular, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā billet puaa poepoe no ka ʻoki ʻana.
59. Nā kumu kumu o ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka huʻa
A: Polyol: polyether polyol no ka pahu pahu maʻamau, ʻo ke kaumaha o ka molekala he 3000 ~ 4000, ka nui o ka polyether triol. Hoʻohana ʻia ka polyether triol me ka paona molekala o 4500 ~ 6000 no ka huʻa kiʻekiʻe resilience. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka paona molekala, hoʻonui ka ikaika tensile, elongation a me ke kūpaʻa o ka foam. Ua emi ka hana o na polyether like. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae hana o ka polyether, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hopena, hoʻonui ʻia ka pae crosslinking o ka polyurethane, hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka pua, a ua emi ka elongation. Isocyanate: ʻO ka isocyanate maka mea o ka polyurethane palupalu palaka huʻihuʻi he toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Hoʻohana ʻia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o TDI-65 no ka polyester polyurethane foam a i ʻole polyether foam kūikawā. Catalyst: Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi catalytic o ka huʻihuʻu palupalu nui i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻo kekahi he hui organometallic, stannous caprylate ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia; ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻano amine tertiary, hoʻohana mau ʻia e like me dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Foam stabilizer: I loko o ka polyester polyurethane bulk foam, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā surfactant non-silicon, a ma ka polyether bulk foam, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer. Mea ho'ohuhū: Ma ke 'ano ma'amau, ho'ohana 'ia ka wai ma ke 'ano he mea ho'ohuhū inā 'oi aku ka nui o nā 'ōpu'u poliurethane palupalu ma mua o 21 kg no ka mika cubic; Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa e like me ka methylene chloride (MC) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe kōkua wale nō i nā ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
60. Ka hopena o nā kūlana kaiapuni i nā waiwai kino o nā huʻa palaka
A: ʻO ka hopena o ka mahana: e wikiwiki ana ka hopena o ka polyurethane i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ke kino, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ke ahi a me ke ahi i nā ʻano hana maʻalahi. ʻO ka hopena o ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea: Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa, ma muli o ka hopena o ka hui isocyanate i loko o ka pahu me ka wai i ka lewa, e emi ana ka paʻakikī o ka ʻūhā a piʻi ka elongation. Hoʻonui ka ikaika o ka ʻūhā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hui urea. ʻO ka hopena o ke kaomi lewa: No ke ʻano hoʻokahi, i ka wā e huāhuʻi ai i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka density.
61. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana maka i hoʻohana ʻia no ka huʻu palupalu anu a me ka huʻa wela.
A: ʻO nā mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke anuanu he reactivity kiʻekiʻe, a ʻaʻohe pono no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i waho i ka wā o ka hoʻōla ʻana, e hilinaʻi ana i ka wela i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka hopena curing i ka manawa pōkole, a hiki i ka mold. e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kekahi mau minuke ma hope o ka hoʻoiho ʻana i nā mea maka. He haʻahaʻa ka reactivity maka o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wela hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a pono e hoʻomāhana ʻia ka hui ʻana me ka mold ma hope o ka huʻa ʻana i loko o ka mold, a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka huahana foam ma hope o ka piha ʻana o ka mea i oʻo ʻia i loko o ke kahawai bakena.
62. He aha nā hiʻohiʻona o ka huʻihuʻu maloʻo i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ke anu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka huʻa wela
A: ① ʻAʻole pono ke kaʻina hana i ka wela o waho, hiki ke mālama i ka wela nui; ② Kiʻekiʻe sag coefficient (collapsibility ratio), maikaʻi hōʻoluʻolu hana; ③ Kiʻekiʻe rebound rate; ④ ʻO ka huʻa me ka ʻole o ka lapalapa ahi he mau mea pale ahi; ⑤ ʻO ke kaʻina hana pōkole, hiki ke mālama i ka ʻōpala, mālama i ke kumukūʻai.
63. Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōhū palupalu a me ka ʻōhū paʻakikī
A: ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōhū palupalu: ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻōmole palupalu polyurethane ua wehe nui ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻihoʻi elastic maikaʻi, hoʻoheheʻe leo, permeability ea, mālama wela a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana: Hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā lako, cushion material, kaʻa kaʻa cushion material, nā ʻano ʻano padding soft laminated composite material, ʻenehana a me nā kīwila palupalu i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea kānana, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe leo, nā mea hoʻohāhā, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā mea hoʻopili. a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale wela.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pahu paʻa: ʻo ka polyurethane foam he māmā ke kaumaha, kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika kikoʻī a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana insulation thermal o polyurethane rigid foam. ikaika pipili; ʻO ka hana ʻelemakule maikaʻi, ke ola lawelawe adiabatic lōʻihi; He maikaʻi ka wai o ka hui ʻana a hiki ke hoʻopiha i ka lua a i ʻole ke ākea o ke ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO ka mea maka o ka polyurethane hard foam production he kiʻekiʻe reactivity, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻōla wikiwiki, a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana nui ma ka hale hana.
Hoʻohana: Hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka insulation material no nā pahu friji, freezers, refrigerated containers, cool storage, oil pipeline a me ka wai wela pipeline insulation, kūkulu hale a me ka uhi ʻana o ka hale, insulation sandwich board, etc.
64. Nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka ʻōhū paʻakikī
A: Nā Polyols: nā polyether polyols i ho'ohana 'ia no ka ho'okumu 'ana i ka hu'ahu'a pa'akikī, 'o ia ka ikehu ki'eki'e, ka waiwai hydroxyl ki'eki'e (ke kaumaha mole ha'aha'a) polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: I kēia manawa,ʻo ka isocyanate i hoʻohanaʻia no nā'ōhū paʻakikī ka nui o ka polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (ʻike nuiʻiaʻo PAPI),ʻo ia hoʻi, MDI maʻemaʻe a me MDI polymerized; Nā lāʻau puhi:(1) ʻAi puhi CFC (2) HCFC a me HFC mea puhi (3) mea puhi petane (4) wai; Foam stabilizer: ʻO ka foam stabilizer i hoʻohana ʻia no ka polyurethane rigid foam formulation he mea maʻamau ia he block polymer o polydimethylsiloxane a me polyoxolefin. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā stabilizers ka nui o ke ʻano Si-C; Catalyst: ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka paʻakikī ka nui o ka amine, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka organotin catalyst i nā manawa kūikawā; Nā mea hoʻohui'ē aʻe: E like me nā koi a me nā pono o nā hoʻohana likeʻole o ka polyurethane rigid foam products, flame retardants, open agents, smoke inhibitors, anti-aging agents, anti-mildew agents, toughening agents a me nā mea hoʻohui'ē aʻe hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia i keʻano.
65. ʻO ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka loina hoʻomākaukau
A: ʻili ʻili ʻili (ISF), ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻili ʻili ponoʻī (self skinning foam), he ʻūhā ʻili i hana i kona ʻili ponoʻī i ka manawa o ka hana ʻana.
66. Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona: polyurethane elastomer he poloka polymer, maʻamau i haku ʻia me ka oligomer polyol flexible long chain soft segment, diisocyanate a me ka mea hoʻonui kaulahao e hana i kahi ʻāpana paʻakikī, ʻāpana paʻakikī a me nā ʻāpana palupalu hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana hana hou. Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻulu ammonia ester, hiki i ka polyurethane ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen i loko a ma waena o nā molekala, a hiki i nā ʻāpana palupalu a paʻakikī ke hana i nā ʻāpana microphase a hana i ka hoʻokaʻawale microphase.
67. He aha nā hiʻohiʻona hana nui o nā elastomers polyurethane
A: Nā hiʻohiʻona hana: 1, ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka elasticity, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi ākea o ka paʻakikī (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) e mālama i ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe; ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka ʻole o ka plasticizer, no laila ʻaʻohe pilikia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka plasticizer; 2, ma lalo o ka paʻakikī like, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawe ʻana ma mua o nā elastomers ʻē aʻe; 3, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana, ʻo 2 a 10 mau manawa o kona pale ʻana i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe; 4. ʻO kaʻaila maikaʻi a me ka pale kemika; Aromatic polyurethane radiation pale; ʻO ke kūpaʻa oxygen maikaʻi a me ka pale ozone; 5, ke kūpaʻa hopena kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa luhi maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu, kūpono no nā noi flexure kiʻekiʻe; 6, maikaʻi ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; 7, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka polyurethane maʻamau ma luna o 100 ℃, akā hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kūikawā ke kū i ka 140 ℃ kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe; 8, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana.
68. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā elastomers polyurethane e like me nā polyols, isocyanates, nā hana hana, etc.
A: 1. E like me ka mea maka o ka oligomer polyol, polyurethane elastomers hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano polyester, polyether type, polyolefin type, polycarbonate type, etc. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano polyether i ke ʻano polytetrahydrofuran a me ka polypropylene oxide type e like me nā ʻano kikoʻī; 2. Ma muli o kaʻokoʻa o ka diisocyanate, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia i nā elastomers aliphatic a me aromatic, a hoʻokaʻawaleʻia i keʻano TDI, MDI type, IPDI type, NDI type a me nāʻano'ē aʻe; Mai ke kaʻina hana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā elastomers polyurethane i ʻekolu mau ʻano: casting type (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) a me ke ʻano hui ʻana (MPU).
69. He aha nā mea e pili ana i nā waiwai o nā elastomers polyurethane mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻolālā mole?
A: Mai ka manaʻo o ka molecular structure, polyurethane elastomer he block polymer, maʻamau i haku ʻia me ka oligomer polyols flexible long chain soft segment, diisocyanate a me ka mea hoʻonui kaulahao e hana i kahi ʻāpana paʻakikī, ʻāpana paʻakikī a me nā ʻāpana palupalu i hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia. hui hale. Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻulu ammonia ester, hiki i ka polyurethane ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen i loko a ma waena o nā molekala, a hiki i nā ʻāpana palupalu a paʻakikī ke hana i nā ʻāpana microphase a hana i ka hoʻokaʻawale microphase. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā e hana i ka polyurethane elastomers i ke kūpaʻa a me ka paʻakikī, i kapa ʻia ʻo "wear-resistant rubber".
70. ʻOkoʻa hana ma waena o ke ʻano polyester maʻamau a me nā elastomers ʻano polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: ʻO nā molekele polyester ka nui o nā pūʻulu ester polar (-COO-), hiki ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen intramolecular ikaika, no laila he ikaika kiʻekiʻe ka polyester polyurethane, ke kūpaʻa a me ka pale ʻaila.
ʻO ka elastomer i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā polyether polyols he kūpaʻa hydrolysis maikaʻi, kūpaʻa i ka wā, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka pale ʻana. ʻatikala kumu/polymer aʻo noiʻi
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-17-2024