1, ka waiwai Hydroxyl: 1 gram polymer polyol i loaʻa ka nui hydroxyl (-OH) e like me ka helu o nā milligrams o KOH, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana mgKOH/g.
2, Kūlike: ke kaumaha molekala awelika o kahi hui hana.
3, ʻO ka ʻike o Isocyanate: ka ʻike o ka isocyanate i loko o ka mole
4, ʻōkuhi Isocyanate: hōʻike i ke kekelē o ka isocyanate keu i loko o ke ʻano polyurethane, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia e ka leka R.
5. Mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao: Pili ia i nā waiʻona kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa a me nā amine hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi, hoʻonui a hana paha i nā loulou pūnaewele spatial o nā kaulahao molekala.
6. ʻĀpana paʻakikī: ʻO ka ʻāpana kaulahao i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hopena o ka isocyanate, ka mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao a me ka crosslinker ma ke kaulahao nui o nā molekala polyurethane, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu cohesion o kēia mau hui, ka nui o ka lewa a me ka paʻakikī.
7, ʻāpana palupalu: carbon carbon main chain polymer polyol, maikaʻi ka maʻalahi, ma ke kaulahao nui polyurethane no ka ʻāpana kaulahao maʻalahi.
8, ʻAno hana hoʻokahi: pili i ka oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, chain extender a me ka catalyst i hui pū ʻia i ka manawa like ma hope o ka hoʻokomo pololei ʻana i loko o ka ʻōpala, ma kahi ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe lāʻau lapaʻau.
9, ʻano hana Prepolymer: ʻO ka hana mua o ka oligomer polyol a me ka diisocyanate prepolymerization, e hana i ka polyurethane prepolymer hope loa ma muli o NCO, e ninini ana a laila e hana ai ka prepolymer me ka mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ʻano hana elastomer polyurethane, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano hana prepolymer.
10, ʻano Semi-prepolymer: ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano semi-prepolymer a me ke ʻano prepolymer ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻāpana o ka polyester polyol a i ʻole polyether polyol i ka prepolymer ma ke ʻano o kahi hui ʻana me ka mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao, catalyst, a pēlā aku.
11, Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Reaction injection: ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo Reaction Injection Moulding RIM (Reaction Injection Moulding), ua ana ʻia e nā oligomers me ke kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa i ke ʻano wai, hui koke ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpala i ka manawa like, a me ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana i loko o ka lua ʻōpala, piʻi koke ke kaumaha molekala o ka mea. He kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i nā polymers hou loa me nā ʻano hui hou i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa.
12, Hua kuhikuhi: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka helu o nā ʻāpana wai i hoʻohana ʻia ma 100 mau ʻāpana o ka polyether ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka hua kuhikuhi (IF).
13, ka hopena huʻa: pili pinepine ia i ka hopena o ka wai a me ka isocyanate e hana i ka urea i pani ʻia a hoʻokuʻu iā CO2.
14, ka hopena Gel: ma ke ʻano laulā e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hopena carbamate.
15, Ka manawa gel: ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, pono ka manawa e hana ai i ka gel i ka mea wai.
16, Ka manawa waiū: ma ka hopena o ka ʻāpana I, ʻike ʻia ka hanana waiū i loko o ka hui polyurethane pae wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia manawa he manawa kirīmi i ka hana ʻana o ka huʻa polyurethane.
17, Ka helu hoʻonui kaulahao: pili i ka lakio o ka nui o nā hui amino a me hydroxyl (unit: mo1) i loko o nā ʻāpana hoʻonui kaulahao (me ka mea hoʻonui kaulahao i hui pū ʻia) i ka nui o NCO i loko o ka prepolymer, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka lakio helu mole (helu like) o ka hui hydrogen hana i NCO.
18, Polyether unsaturation haʻahaʻa: ʻo ia hoʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o PTMG, ke kumukūʻai PPG, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka unsaturation i 0.05mol/kg, kokoke i ka hana o PTMG, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻouluulu DMC, ʻo ia ke ʻano nui o nā huahana moʻo Bayer Acclaim.
19, ʻAmonia ester grade solvent: e noʻonoʻo i ka ikaika hoʻoheheʻe a me ka volatilization volatilization ka hana ʻana o ka polyurethane solvent, akā ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka polyurethane i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka solvent, pono e kālele i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka NC0 kaumaha i loko o ka polyurethane. ʻAʻole hiki ke koho ʻia nā solvents e like me nā alcohols a me nā ether alcohols e pane me nā hui NCO. ʻAʻole hiki i ka solvent ke loaʻa nā haumia e like me ka wai a me ka waiʻona, a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā mea alkali, e hōʻino ai i ka polyurethane.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ester e loaʻa ka wai, a ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa nā waikawa manuahi a me nā ʻalekohol, kahi e pane ai me nā hui NCO. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ester i hoʻohana ʻia i ka polyurethane e "ammonia ester grade solvent" me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, pane ka mea hoʻoheheʻe me ka isocyanate keu, a laila hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka isocyanate i hana ʻole ʻia me ka dibutylamine e hoʻāʻo inā kūpono ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻole pili ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka isocyanate, no ka mea, hōʻike ia e hoʻopau ka wai i loko o ka ester, ka ʻalekohol, ka waikawa ʻekolu i ka waiwai holoʻokoʻa o ka isocyanate, inā hōʻike ʻia ka helu o nā grama o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe e pono ai e hoʻopau i ka hui leqNCO, he kūpaʻa maikaʻi ka waiwai.
ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka isocyanate like ma lalo o 2500 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe polyurethane.
He mana koʻikoʻi ko ka polarity o ka solvent i ka hopena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka resin. ʻO ka nui o ka polarity, ʻo ka lohi o ka hopena, e like me ka ʻokoʻa o toluene a me methyl ethyl ketone he 24 mau manawa, nui ka polarity o kēia mole solvent, hiki ke hana i kahi pilina hydrogen me ka hui hydroxyl waiʻona a hoʻolohi i ka hopena.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ester polychlorinated, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ko lākou hopena ma mua o ka ester, ketone, e like me ka xylene. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ester a me ketone hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe o ka polyurethane lālā pālua i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana. I ka hana ʻana o nā uhi, ʻo ke koho ʻana o ka "ammonia-grade solvent" i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua he mea maikaʻi ia no nā mea hoʻopaʻa i mālama ʻia.
He ikaika ka solubility o nā solvents Ester, ka nui o ka volatilization kūpono, haʻahaʻa ka ʻawahia a hoʻohana nui ʻia, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka cyclohexanone, haʻahaʻa ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe paʻa o nā solvents hydrocarbon, emi ka hoʻohana wale ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻia me nā solvents ʻē aʻe.
20, Mea puhi kino: ʻO ka mea puhi kino ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia nā pores huʻa ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kino o kahi mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka volatilization o ka wai a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mea paʻa.
21, Nā mea puhi kemika: ʻo nā mea puhi kemika nā mea hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea e like me ke kalapona ʻokikene a me ka naikokene ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka palaho, a hana i nā pores maikaʻi i loko o ka haku mele polymer o ka hui.
22, Ke keʻa kino: aia kekahi mau kaulahao paʻakikī i loko o ke kaulahao palupalu polymer, a he like nā waiwai kino o ke kaulahao paʻakikī me ka rubber vulcanized ma hope o ke keʻa kemika ma ka mahana ma lalo o ke kiko palupalu a i ʻole ke kiko heheʻe.
23, Ke keʻa kemika: pili i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kaulahao molekala nui ma o nā pilina kemika ma lalo o ka hana o ka mālamalama, ka wela, ka radiation ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika mechanical, ultrasound a me nā mea keʻa keʻa e hana i kahi pūnaewele a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka polymer.
24, Hua kuhikuhi: ua wehewehe ʻia ka helu o nā ʻāpana wai e like me 100 mau ʻāpana o ka polyether ʻo ia ka hua kuhikuhi (IF).
25. He aha nā ʻano isocyanates i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. He aha nā ʻano isocyanates i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia? E kākau i ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Ke ʻano o TDI-100 a me TDI-80?
A: Ua haku ʻia ʻo TDI-100 me ka toluene diisocyanate me ka ʻano 2,4; Pili ʻo TDI-80 i kahi hui ʻana i haku ʻia me 80% toluene diisocyanate me ka ʻano 2,4 a me 20% o ka ʻano 2,6.
28. He aha nā ʻano o TDI a me MDI i ka hana ʻana o nā mea polyurethane?
A: Ka hana hou ʻana no 2,4-TDI a me 2,6-TDI. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hana hou ʻana o 2,4-TDI ma mua o 2,6-TDI, no ka mea, ua mamao loa ka NCO kūlana 4 ma 2,4-TDI mai ka NCO kūlana 2 a me ka hui methyl, a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe kūʻē steric, ʻoiai ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka NCO o 2,6-TDI e ka hopena steric o ka hui ortho-methyl.
Ua mamao loa nā hui NCO ʻelua o MDI a ʻaʻohe mea pani a puni, no laila ua nui ka hana o nā NCO ʻelua. Inā paha e komo kekahi NCO i ka hopena, ua emi ka hana o ke koena NCO, a ua nui nō ka hana ma ke ʻano laulā. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka reactivity o ka MDI polyurethane prepolymer ma mua o ka TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI ʻo wai o ke kū'ē melemele ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi?
A: HDI (no ka invariant yellow aliphatic diisocyanate), IPDI (hana ʻia me ka polyurethane resin me ka paʻa optical maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa kemika, hoʻohana nui ʻia e hana i ka resin polyurethane non-discoloration kiʻekiʻe).
30. Ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana o MDI a me nā ʻano hoʻololi maʻamau
A: MDI i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia: Kumu i hoʻololi ʻia: ʻo ka MDI maʻemaʻe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he MDI i hoʻololi ʻia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kahi e lanakila ai i kekahi mau kīnā o ka MDI maʻemaʻe (paʻa i ka mahana o ka lumi, heheʻe i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai, hoʻopilikia ka hoʻomehana pinepine i ka hana), a hāʻawi pū i ke kumu no kahi ākea o nā hoʻololi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā mea polyurethane i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka MDI.
Nā Hana:
① urethane i hoʻololi ʻia ka liquefied MDI.
② carbodiimide a me ka uretonimine i hoʻololi ʻia i ka liquefied MDI.
31. He aha nā ʻano polymer polyols i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. Ehia mau ʻano hana hana ʻoihana no nā polyols polyester?
A: ʻAno hoʻoheheʻe vacuum B, ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kinoea lawe C, ʻano distillation azeotropic
33. He aha nā ʻano kūikawā ma ke kuamoʻo molekala o ka polyester a me nā polyols polyether?
A: Polyester polyol: He hui waiʻona macromolecular e loaʻa ana kahi hui ester ma ke kuamoʻo molekala a me kahi hui hydroxyl (-OH) ma ka hui hope. Polyether polyols: Nā polymers a i ʻole oligomers e loaʻa ana nā pilina ether (-O-) a me nā hui hope (-Oh) a i ʻole nā hui amine (-NH2) i loko o ke ʻano kuamoʻo o ka molekala.
34. He aha nā ʻano o nā polyether polyols e like me ko lākou mau ʻano?
A: Nā polyols polyether hana nui, nā polyols polyether i hoʻopili ʻia, nā polyols polyether pale ahi, nā polyols polyether hoʻololi heterocyclic, nā polyols polytetrahydrofuran.
35. Ehia mau ʻano polyethers maʻamau e like me ka mea hoʻomaka?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, paʻakikī pehu polyether polyol, haʻahaʻa unsaturation polyether polyol.
36. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā polyethers i hoʻopau ʻia me ka hydroxy a me nā polyethers i hoʻopau ʻia me ka amine?
ʻO nā polyethers Aminoterminated he polyoxide allyl ethers kahi i pani ʻia ai ka hopena hydroxyl e kahi hui amine.
37. He aha nā ʻano mea hoʻouluulu polyurethane i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia? ʻO wai nā ʻano i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia?
A: Nā mea hoʻouluulu amine tertiary, nā ʻano i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
ʻO nā hui alkyl metala, nā ʻano i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia: nā mea hoʻoulu organotin, hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia i stannous octoate, stannous oleate, a me dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. He aha nā mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao polyurethane a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopili kea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia?
A: Nā Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), nā waiʻona alicyclic, nā waiʻona ʻala, nā diamines, nā amines waiʻona (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. ʻAno hana o nā isocyanates
A: ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā isocyanates me nā hui hydrogen ikaika e hana ʻia e ke kikowaena nucleophilic o ka molekole hui hydrogen ikaika e hoʻouka ana i ka ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka NCO. Penei ke ʻano o ka hana:
40. Pehea ka hopena o ke ʻano o ka isocyanate i ka hana hou ʻana o nā hui NCO?
A: ʻO ka electronegativity o ka hui AR: inā he hui hoʻopili electron ka hui R, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ke ao electron o ka ʻātoma C ma ka hui -NCO, a ʻoi aku ka palupalu i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā nucleophiles, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena nucleophilic me nā alcohols, amines a me nā hui ʻē aʻe. Inā he hui hāʻawi electron ʻo R a hoʻoili ʻia ma o ke ao electron, e piʻi aʻe ka nui o ke ao electron o ka ʻātoma C ma ka hui -NCO, e emi ai ka palupalu i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā nucleophiles, a e emi iho kona hiki ke hana me nā hui hydrogen hana. B. Hopena Induction: No ka mea, aia i loko o ka diisocyanate aromatic ʻelua mau hui NCO, i ka wā e komo ai ka gene -NCO mua i ka hopena, ma muli o ka hopena hui o ke apo aromatic, ʻo ka hui -NCO ʻaʻole i komo i ka hopena e pāʻani i ke kuleana o ka hui hoʻopili electron, i hoʻonui ʻia ka hana hopena o ka hui NCO mua, ʻo ia ka hopena induction. C. hopena steric: I loko o nā molekala diisocyanate ʻala, inā ʻelua mau hui -NCO i loko o ke apo ʻala i ka manawa like, a laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana o kekahi hui NCO i ka reactivity o kekahi hui NCO. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e loaʻa ai ʻelua mau hui NCO i loko o nā apo ʻala like ʻole i loko o ka molekala hoʻokahi, a i ʻole ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e nā kaulahao hydrocarbon a i ʻole nā apo ʻala, ua liʻiliʻi ka pilina ma waena o lākou, a emi iho ia me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao hydrocarbon a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka helu o nā apo ʻala.
41. Nā ʻano o nā hui hydrogen ikaika a me ka hana NCO
A: Aliphatic NH2> Hui ʻala Bozui OH> Wai > OH lua> Phenol OH> Hui Carboxyl > Urea pani ʻia > Amido> Carbamate. (Inā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ke ao electron o ke kikowaena nucleophilic, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka electronegativity, a ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hopena me ka isocyanate a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hopena; Inā ʻaʻole, haʻahaʻa ka hana.)
42. Ka hopena o nā hui hydroxyl ma kā lākou hana hou ʻana me nā isocyanates
A: Pili ka reactivity o nā hui hydrogen ikaika (ROH a i ʻole RNH2) i nā waiwai o R, i ka wā he hui electron-withdrawing ʻo R (electronegativity haʻahaʻa), he paʻakikī ke hoʻoili i nā ʻātoma hydrogen, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hopena ma waena o nā hui hydrogen ikaika a me NCO; Inā he substituent hāʻawi electron ʻo R, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka reactivity o nā hui hydrogen ikaika me NCO.
43. He aha ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hopena isocyanate me ka wai
A: ʻO ia kekahi o nā hopena kumu i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka huʻa polyurethane. ʻO ka hopena ma waena o lākou e hana mua i kahi waikawa carbamic paʻa ʻole, a laila e wāwahi i CO2 a me nā amines, a inā nui ka isocyanate, e hana ka amine hopena me ka isocyanate e hana i ka urea.
44. I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā elastomers polyurethane, pono e kāohi pono ʻia ka nui o ka wai o nā polyols polymer
ʻA: ʻAʻohe pono o nā pehu i nā elastomers, nā uhi a me nā olonā, no laila pono e kāohi pono ʻia ka nui o ka wai i loko o nā mea maka, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 0.05%.
45. Nā ʻokoʻa i nā hopena catalytic o nā mea hoʻouluulu amine a me tin ma nā hopena isocyanate
A: He kiʻekiʻe ka pono catalytic o nā mea hoʻouluulu amine tertiary no ka hopena o ka isocyanate me ka wai, ʻoiai he kiʻekiʻe ka pono catalytic o nā mea hoʻouluulu tin no ka hopena o ka isocyanate me ka hui hydroxyl.
46. No ke aha e hiki ai ke manaʻo ʻia ka resin polyurethane he polymer poloka, a he aha nā ʻano o ke ʻano kaulahao?
Pane: No ka mea, ua haku ʻia ka ʻāpana kaulahao o ka resin polyurethane me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī a palupalu, ʻo ka ʻāpana paʻakikī e pili ana i ka ʻāpana kaulahao i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hopena o ka isocyanate, ka mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao a me ka crosslinker ma ke kaulahao nui o nā molekala polyurethane, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu cohesion o kēia mau hui, ka nui o ka lewa a me ka paʻakikī. ʻO ka ʻāpana palupalu e pili ana i ka polyol polymer kaulahao nui carbon-carbon, nona ka maʻalahi maikaʻi a he ʻāpana maʻalahi i ke kaulahao nui polyurethane.
47. He aha nā mea e hoʻopilikia ai i nā waiwai o nā mea polyurethane?
A: Ikehu pili hui, pilina hydrogen, crystallinity, kekelē crosslinking, kaumaha molekala, ʻāpana paʻakikī, ʻāpana palupalu.
48. He aha nā mea maka o nā ʻāpana palupalu a paʻakikī ma ke kaulahao nui o nā mea polyurethane
A: Hana ʻia ka ʻāpana palupalu me nā polyols oligomer (polyester, polyether diols, a pēlā aku), a hana ʻia ka ʻāpana paʻakikī me nā polyisocyanates a i ʻole ko lākou hui pū ʻana me nā mea hoʻolōʻihi kaulahao mole liʻiliʻi.
49. Pehea e hoʻopili ai nā ʻāpana palupalu a me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī i nā ʻano o nā mea polyurethane?
A: ʻĀpana palupalu: (1) Ke kaumaha molekala o ka ʻāpana palupalu: ke manaʻo nei ua like ke kaumaha molekala o ka polyurethane, inā he polyester ka ʻāpana palupalu, e piʻi ka ikaika o ka polyurethane me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha molekala o ka polyester diol; Inā he polyether ka ʻāpana palupalu, e emi ana ka ikaika o ka polyurethane me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha molekala o ka polyether diol, akā e piʻi ana ka elongation. (2) ʻO ka crystallinity o ka ʻāpana palupalu: Loaʻa iā ia kahi hāʻawi nui i ka crystallinity o ka ʻāpana kaulahao polyurethane linear. Ma keʻano laulā, he mea maikaʻi ka crystallization no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā huahana polyurethane, akā i kekahi manawa e hōʻemi ana ka crystallization i ka maʻalahi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa o ka mea, a he opaque pinepine ka polymer crystalline.
ʻĀpana paʻakikī: Hoʻopilikia pinepine ka ʻāpana kaulahao paʻakikī i ka palupalu a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mahana a me nā waiwai wela kiʻekiʻe o ka polymer. Loaʻa i nā polyurethanes i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e nā isocyanates ʻala nā apo ʻala paʻa, no laila e piʻi aʻe ka ikaika o ka polymer i ka ʻāpana paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika o ka mea ma mua o nā polyurethanes isocyanate aliphatic, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke kūʻē ʻana i ka degradation ultraviolet, a maʻalahi hoʻi ke melemele. ʻAʻole melemele nā polyurethanes aliphatic.
50. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka huʻa polyurethane
A: (1) huʻa paʻakikī a me ka huʻa palupalu, (2) huʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka huʻa kiʻekiʻe, (3) ʻano polyester, huʻa ʻano polyether, (4) ʻano TDI, huʻa ʻano MDI, (5) huʻa polyurethane a me ka huʻa polyisocyanurate, (6) hana hana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu a me ke ʻano hana prepolymerization, hana hoʻomau a me ka hana intermittent, (8) huʻa poloka a me ka huʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
51. Nā hopena kumu i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka huʻa
A: Pili ia i ka hopena o -NCO me -OH, -NH2 a me H2O, a i ka wā e hana ai me nā polyols, ʻo ka "hana gel" i ke kaʻina hana huʻa e pili ana i ka hopena hoʻokumu ʻana o ka carbamate. No ka mea, hoʻohana ka mea maka huʻa i nā mea maka multi-functional, loaʻa kahi pūnaewele cross-linked, e hiki ai i ka ʻōnaehana huʻa ke gel koke.
Hana ʻia ka hopena huʻa i loko o ka ʻōnaehana huʻa me ke alo o ka wai. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "foaming reaction" e pili ana i ka hopena o ka wai a me ka isocyanate e hana i ka urea i pani ʻia a hoʻokuʻu i ka CO2.
52. ʻAno hana nucleation o nā pehu
Hoʻopili ka mea maka i loko o kahi wai a hilinaʻi paha i ka mahana i hana ʻia e ka hopena e hana i kahi mea kinoea a hoʻoheheʻe i ke kinoea. Me ka holomua o ka hopena a me ka hana ʻana o ka nui o ka wela o ka hopena, ua hoʻonui mau ʻia ka nui o nā mea kinoea a me ka volatilization. Ke piʻi ka nui o ke kinoea ma mua o ka nui o ka saturation, hoʻomaka kahi pehu mau e hana i ka pae hoʻonā a piʻi aʻe.
53. Ke kuleana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka huʻa polyurethane
A: Loaʻa iā ia ka hopena emulsification, i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka solubility like ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka mea huʻa; Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka silicone surfactant, no ka mea e hoʻemi nui ana i ka ʻili γ o ka wai, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka ikehu manuahi i hoʻonui ʻia no ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kinoea, i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nucleate o ka ea i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka mea maka i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana kāwili, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka hana ʻana o nā pehu liʻiliʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa o ka huʻa.
54. ʻAno paʻa o ka huʻa
A: ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā surfactants kūpono e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hoʻopuehu pehu maikaʻi.
55. ʻAno hana hoʻokumu o ka huʻa kelepona hāmama a me ka huʻa kelepona pani
A: Ke ʻano hana o ka huʻa open-cell: I ka hapanui o nā hihia, i ka wā he nui ke kaomi i loko o ka pehu, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika o ka paia pehu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hopena gel, a ʻaʻole hiki i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni paia ke kū i ke kīkoʻo ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaomi kinoea e piʻi ana, huki ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni paia pehu, a pakele ke kinoea mai ka haki ʻana, e hana ana i ka huʻa open-cell.
ʻAno hana hoʻokumu huʻa kelepona pani: No ka ʻōnaehana pehu paʻakikī, ma muli o ka hopena o nā polyether polyols me ka multi-functional a me ke kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa me ka polyisocyanate, wikiwiki ka wikiwiki o ka gel, a ʻaʻole hiki i ke kinoea i loko o ka pehu ke uhaʻi i ka paia pehu, a pēlā e hana ai i ka huʻa kelepona pani.
56. ʻAno hoʻohua o ka mea hoʻohua kino a me ka mea hoʻohua kemika
A: Mea puhi kino: ʻO ka mea puhi kino nā pores huʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kino o kahi mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka volatilization o ka wai a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mea paʻa.
Nā mea puhi kemika: ʻO nā mea puhi kemika he mau pūhui, ke hoʻopau ʻia e ka wela, e hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea e like me ke kalapona ʻokikene a me ka naikokene a hana i nā pores maikaʻi i loko o ka haku mele polymer.
57. Ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau o ka huʻa polyurethane palupalu
A: Ke ʻano hana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu a me ke ʻano prepolymer
ʻAno Prepolymer: ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana ʻia ka polyether polyol a me ka hopena TDI keu i loko o kahi prepolymer e loaʻa ana ka hui NCO manuahi, a laila hui pū ʻia me ka wai, catalyst, stabilizer, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana i ka huʻa. ʻAno hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu: Hoʻohui pololei ʻia nā ʻano mea maka like ʻole i loko o ke poʻo hui ʻana ma o ka helu ʻana, a ua hana ʻia kahi ʻanuʻu o ka huʻa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka hoʻomau a me ka intermittent.
58. Nā ʻano o ka huʻa ʻana ma ka pae a me ka huʻa ʻana ma ke kū
ʻAno hana papa kaomi kaulike: hōʻailona ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa luna a me ka papa uhi luna. ʻAno hana ʻauwaha overflow: hōʻailona ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻauwaha overflow a me ka papa pae kāʻei conveyor.
ʻO nā ʻano huʻa kū pololei: hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi kahe liʻiliʻi e kiʻi i kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana nui o nā poloka huʻa, a hoʻohana pinepine i ka mīkini huʻa ākea e kiʻi i ka ʻāpana like o ka poloka, ʻo ke kahe o ke kahe he 3 a 5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka huʻa kū pololei; Ma muli o ka ʻāpana kea nui o ka poloka huʻa, ʻaʻohe ʻili o luna a me lalo, a lahilahi hoʻi ka ʻili o ka lihi, no laila ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka pohō ʻoki. Uhi ka lako i kahi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu ma kahi o 12 ~ 13m, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai hoʻopukapuka kālā o ka mea kanu a me nā lako ma mua o ke kaʻina hana huʻa ākea; He maʻalahi ke hoʻololi i ka hopper a me ke kumu hoʻohālike e hana i nā kino huʻa cylindrical a i ʻole rectangular, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā billets huʻa poepoe no ka ʻoki wili.
59. Nā kumu kumu o ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka huʻa palupalu
A: Polyol: polyether polyol no ka huʻa poloka maʻamau, ʻo ke kaumaha molekala he 3000 ~ 4000, ʻo ia hoʻi ka polyether triol. Hoʻohana ʻia ka polyether triol me ke kaumaha molekala o 4500 ~ 6000 no ka huʻa kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke kaumaha molekala, hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika tensile, elongation a me ke kūpaʻa o ka huʻa. Ua emi ka reactivity o nā polyethers like. Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke kekelē hana o ka polyether, ua wikiwiki iki ka hopena, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kekelē crosslinking o ka polyurethane, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka huʻa, a ua emi iho ka elongation. Isocyanate: ʻO ka mea maka isocyanate o ka huʻa poloka palupalu polyurethane ʻo ia ka toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). ʻO ka hana haʻahaʻa o TDI-65 e hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka huʻa polyurethane polyester a i ʻole ka huʻa polyether kūikawā. Catalyst: Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pono catalytic o ka huʻa huʻa palupalu nui i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻo kekahi he mau hui organometallic, ʻo ka stannous caprylate ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia; ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe he mau amine tertiary, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Hoʻopaʻa huʻa: I loko o ka huʻa nui o ka polyurethane polyester, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā surfactants non-silicon, a i loko o ka huʻa nui o ka polyether, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer. Mea hoʻohua: Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohua ke ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pehu poloka palupalu polyurethane ma mua o 21 kg i kēlā me kēia mika cubic; Hoʻohana ʻia nā hui paila haʻahaʻa e like me ka methylene chloride (MC) ma ke ʻano he mea puhi kōkua wale nō i nā ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
60. Ka hopena o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni ma nā ʻano kino o nā hua poloka
A: Ka hopena o ka mahana: hoʻolalelale ka hopena huʻa o ka polyurethane i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka mea, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka pilikia o ka puhi ʻana o ke kumu a me ke ahi i nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi. Ka mana o ka haumākū o ka ea: Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka haumākū, ma muli o ka hopena o ka hui isocyanate i loko o ka huʻa me ka wai i ka lewa, emi ka paʻakikī o ka huʻa a piʻi ka elongation. Hoʻonui ka ikaika tensile o ka huʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hui urea. Ka hopena o ke kaomi lewa: No ke ʻano hana like, i ka wā e huʻa ai ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ua emi nui ka nui.
61. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia no ka huʻa palupalu i hoʻoheheʻe anu ʻia a me ka huʻa wela i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia
A: Loaʻa i nā mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke anu he reactivity kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe pono no ka hoʻomehana waho i ka wā e hoʻōla ai, ma muli o ka wela i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka hopena hoʻōla i loko o ka manawa pōkole, a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻōpala i loko o kekahi mau minuke ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā mea maka. He haʻahaʻa ka reactivity mea maka o ka huʻa hoʻoheheʻe wela, a pono e hoʻomehana pū ʻia ka hui hopena me ka ʻōpala ma hope o ka huʻa ʻana i loko o ka ʻōpala, a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka huahana huʻa ma hope o ka oʻo piha ʻana i loko o ke kahawai bakena.
62. He aha nā ʻano o ka huʻa palupalu i hoʻoheheʻe anu ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka huʻa i hoʻoheheʻe wela ʻia
A: ① ʻAʻole koi ke kaʻina hana i ka wela o waho, hiki ke mālama i ka nui o ka wela; ② Kiʻekiʻe ke koʻikoʻi sag (lakio collapsibility), hana hōʻoluʻolu maikaʻi; ③ Kiʻekiʻe ka rebound rate; ④ Loaʻa i ka huʻa me ka ʻole o ka flame retardant kekahi mau waiwai flame retardant; ⑤ Pōkole ka pōʻaiapuni hana, hiki ke mālama i ka ʻōpala, mālama i ke kumukūʻai.
63. Nā ʻano a me nā hoʻohana o ka pehu palupalu a me ka pehu paʻakikī
A: Nā ʻano o nā pehu palupalu: ʻO ke ʻano o nā pehu palupalu polyurethane he hāmama ka hapa nui. Ma keʻano laulā, he haʻahaʻa kona density, hoʻōla elastic maikaʻi, omo leo, permeability ea, mālama wela a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe. Nā Hoʻohana: Hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā lako, nā mea cushion, nā mea cushion noho kaʻa, nā ʻano mea composite laminated padding palupalu, nā ʻoihana a me nā kīwila palupalu foam i hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi e like me nā mea kānana, nā mea insulation leo, nā mea pale haʻalulu, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mea insulation thermal.
ʻO nā ʻano o ka huʻa paʻa: he māmā ke kaumaha o ka huʻa polyurethane, ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o ka dimensional; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana insulation thermal o ka huʻa paʻa polyurethane. Ikaika ka hoʻopili ikaika; Hana maikaʻi ka ʻelemakule, lōʻihi ke ola lawelawe adiabatic; He wai maikaʻi ka hui ʻana o ka hopena a hiki ke hoʻopiha i ka lua a i ʻole kahi o ke ʻano paʻakikī me ka maʻalahi. ʻO ka mea maka o ka hana huʻa paʻakikī polyurethane he reactivity kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻōla wikiwiki, a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka pono kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana nui ma ka hale hana.
Nā Hoʻohana: Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomehana no nā pahu hau, nā pahu hau, nā ipu hau, ka mālama anu, ka hoʻomehana paipu aila a me ka wai wela, ka hoʻomehana paia hale a me ka hale, ka papa sanwika hoʻomehana, a pēlā aku.
64. Nā kiko koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka formula pehu paʻakikī
A: Polyols: ʻO nā polyether polyols i hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻano huʻa paʻakikī he nui ka ikehu, waiwai hydroxyl kiʻekiʻe (haʻahaʻa ke kaumaha molekala) polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: I kēia manawa, ʻo ka isocyanate i hoʻohana ʻia no nā pehu paʻakikī he polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo PAPI), ʻo ia hoʻi, ka MDI maka a me ka MDI polymerized; Nā mea puhi: (1) ʻO ka mea puhi CFC (2) ʻO ka mea puhi HCFC a me HFC (3) ʻo ka mea puhi pentane (4) wai; Mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa: ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻolālā huʻa paʻakikī polyurethane he polymer poloka ia o polydimethylsiloxane a me polyoxolefin. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa he ʻano Si-C nui; Catalyst: ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa o ka hoʻolālā pehu paʻakikī he amine tertiary nui ia, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa organotin i nā hanana kūikawā; Nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe: Wahi a nā koi a me nā pono o nā hoʻohana like ʻole o nā huahana foam paʻa polyurethane, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea pale ahi, nā mea wehe, nā mea pale uahi, nā mea anti-kahiko, nā mea anti-mildew, nā mea hoʻoikaika a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano.
65. Kumu hoʻomākaukau huʻa hoʻoheheʻe ʻili holoʻokoʻa
ʻA: ʻo ka huʻa ʻili hoʻohui (ISF), i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka huʻa ʻili ponoʻī (self skinning foam), he huʻa palakiko ia e hana ana i kona ʻili ponoʻī i ka wā o ka hana ʻana.
66. Nā ʻano a me nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā elastomers microporous polyurethane
A: Nā ʻano: ʻO ka polyurethane elastomer kahi polymer poloka, i haku ʻia me ka oligomer polyol palupalu kaulahao lōʻihi palupalu ʻāpana, diisocyanate a me ke kaulahao hoʻolōʻihi e hana i kahi ʻāpana paʻakikī, ʻāpana paʻakikī a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa o ka ʻāpana palupalu, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho hou. Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hui ester ammonia, hiki i ka polyurethane ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen i loko a ma waena o nā molekala, a hiki i nā ʻāpana palupalu a paʻakikī ke hana i nā ʻāpana microphase a hana i ka hoʻokaʻawale microphase.
67. He aha nā ʻano hana nui o nā elastomers polyurethane
A: Nā ʻano hana: 1, ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka elasticity, hiki ke mālama ʻia i loko o kahi ākea o ka paʻakikī (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) i ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe; Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa i koi ʻia me ka ʻole o ka plasticizer, no laila ʻaʻohe pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o ka plasticizer; 2, ma lalo o ka paʻakikī like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki ke lawe ma mua o nā elastomers ʻē aʻe; 3, kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ke kapa komo, ʻo kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ke kapa he 2 a 10 mau manawa o ka rubber kūlohelohe; 4. Kūʻē maikaʻi loa i ka aila a me ka kemika; Kūʻē i ka radiation polyurethane ʻala; Kūʻē maikaʻi loa i ka oxygen a me ke kūpaʻa ozone; 5, kūʻē hopena kiʻekiʻe, kūʻē maikaʻi i ka luhi a me ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu, kūpono no nā noi flexure alapine kiʻekiʻe; 6, maikaʻi ka maʻalahi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa; 7, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka polyurethane maʻamau ma luna o 100 ℃, akā hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kūikawā ke kū i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe o 140 ℃; 8, haʻahaʻa loa nā kumukūʻai hoʻoheheʻe a me ka hana ʻana.
68. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā elastomers polyurethane e like me nā polyols, isocyanates, nā kaʻina hana, a pēlā aku
A: 1. Wahi a ka mea maka o ka oligomer polyol, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā polyurethane elastomers i ke ʻano polyester, ke ʻano polyether, ke ʻano polyolefin, ke ʻano polycarbonate, a pēlā aku. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano Polyether i ke ʻano polytetrahydrofuran a me ke ʻano polypropylene oxide e like me nā ʻano kikoʻī; 2. Wahi a ka ʻokoʻa o ka diisocyanate, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā elastomers aliphatic a me nā ʻala, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke ʻano TDI, ke ʻano MDI, ke ʻano IPDI, ke ʻano NDI a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe; Mai ke kaʻina hana hana, ua hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau ʻia nā polyurethane elastomers i ʻekolu mau māhele: ke ʻano hoʻolei (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) a me ke ʻano hui (MPU).
69. He aha nā mea e hoʻopilikia ai i nā waiwai o nā elastomers polyurethane mai ka manaʻo o ke ʻano molekala?
A: Mai ka manaʻo o ke ʻano molekala, ʻo ka polyurethane elastomer kahi polymer poloka, i haku ʻia me nā oligomer polyols palupalu kaulahao lōʻihi palupalu, diisocyanate a me ke kaulahao hoʻolōʻihi e hana i kahi ʻāpana paʻakikī, ʻāpana paʻakikī a me ka ʻāpana palupalu i hoʻonohonoho ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho hou. Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hui ester ammonia, hiki i ka polyurethane ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen i loko a ma waena o nā molekala, a hiki i nā ʻāpana palupalu a paʻakikī ke hana i nā ʻāpana microphase a hana i ka hoʻokaʻawale microphase. ʻO kēia mau ʻano hoʻonohonoho e hana ai i nā elastomers polyurethane i ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu maikaʻi loa a me ka paʻakikī, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "wear-resistant rubber".
70. ʻOkoʻa ka hana ma waena o ke ʻano polyester maʻamau a me nā elastomers ʻano polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: Loaʻa i nā molekala polyester nā hui ester polar (-COO-), hiki ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen intramolecular ikaika, no laila he ikaika kiʻekiʻe ko ka polyester polyurethane, ke kūpaʻa i ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kūpaʻa i ka aila.
ʻO ka elastomer i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā polyols polyether he kūpaʻa hydrolysis maikaʻi, kūpaʻa i ke aniau, ka maʻalahi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa i ka ʻōpala. Puna ʻatikala/Noiʻi aʻo Polymer
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Ian-17-2024